1. 93-lər manifestosu. birinci dünya müharibəsindən biraz əvvəl 1914-cü il 28 iyul tarixində aralarında incəsənət, elm adamları, yazıçılar və s. məşhur şəxslər olan 93 nəfərin almaniyanın belçikaya müharibə elan etməsini dəstəklədiyi və imzaladığı manifesto. 93 nəfər nobel mükafatlı fiziklər, kimyaçılar, dahi bəstəkarlar- beethoven və schubert'in varisləri, filosoflar, avropanın ən böyük elmlər akademiyasının üzvləri var idi. 94-cü imza albert einstein in olmalə idi ancaq o müharibəni dəstəkləməkdən imtina edir, manifestoya imza atmır. əvəzinə özü müharibə əleyhinə manifesto yazır. müharibəyə dəstək manifestosuna 93 imza atan şəxs olduğu halda eynşteynin yazdığı manifestoya cəmi bir nəfər imza atır. zatən sonralar kaiser wilhelm yerindən oynayanda eynşteynin sinif otağının qapısına "dərs yoxdur-inqilab!" yazdığı rəvayət olunur. 93-lər manifestosuna qol çəkənlər:



adolf von baeyer, chemist: synthesized indigo, 1905 recipient of the nobel prize in chemistry
peter behrens, architect and designer
emil adolf von behring, physiologist: received the 1901 nobel prize in physiology or medicine
wilhelm von bode, art historian and curator
aloïs brandl, austrian-german philologist
lujo brentano, economist and social reformer
justus brinckmann, art historian
johannes conrad, political economist
franz von defregger, austrian artist
richard dehmel, anti-conservative poet and writer
adolf deissmann, protestant theologian
wilhelm dörpfeld, architect and archeologist (including site of ancient troy)
friedrich von duhn, classical scholar
paul ehrlich, awarded the 1908 nobel prize in physiology or medicine, initiated chemotherapy, "the magic bullet"
albert ehrhard, catholic priest and church historian
karl engler, chemist
gerhart esser, catholic theologian
rudolf christoph eucken, philosopher: winner of the 1908 nobel prize for literature
herbert eulenberg, poet and playwright
henrich finke, catholic church historian
hermann emil fischer, chemist: 1902 recipient of the nobel prize in chemistry
wilhelm foerster, also signed counter-manifesto
ludwig fulda, jewish playwright with strong social commitment
eduard von gebhardt, painter
jan jakob maria de groot, sinologist and historian of religion
fritz haber, chemist: received the 1918 nobel prize in chemistry for synthesizing ammonia
ernst haeckel, biologist: coined the words "ecology, phylum, stem cell," developed ""ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny"
max halbe, dramatist
adolf von harnack, lutheran theologian
carl hauptmann, playwright
gerhart hauptmann, dramatist and novelist: received the 1912 nobel prize in literature
gustav hellmann, meteorologist
wilhelm herrmann, reformed theologian
andreas heusler, swiss medievalist
adolf von hildebrand, sculptor
ludwig hoffmann
engelbert humperdinck, composer: including "hänsel und gretel"
leopold graf von kalckreuth, painter
arthur kampf, history painter
friedrich august von kaulbach, painter
theodor kipp, jurist
felix klein, mathematician: group theory, complex analysis, non-euclidean geometry; "the klein bottle"
max klinger, symbolist painter, sculptor, printmaker, and writer
aloïs knoepfler, art historian
anton koch, catholic theologian
paul laband, professor of law
karl lamprecht, historian
philipp lenard, physicist: winner of the 1905 nobel prize for physics for cathode rays research
maximilian lenz, painter
max liebermann, jewish impressionist painter and printmaker
franz von liszt, jurist and legal scholar (cousin of the composer)
ludwig manzel, sculptor
joseph mausbach, theologian
georg von mayr, statistician
sebastian merkle, catholic theologian
eduard meyer, historian
heinrich morf, linguist
friedrich naumann, liberal politician and protestant pastor
albert neisser, physician who discovered the cause of gonorrhea
walther hermann nernst, physicist: third law of thermodynamics, won the 1920 nobel prize in chemistry
wilhelm ostwald, chemist: received the 1909 nobel prize in chemistry
bruno paul, architect, illustrator, interior designer, and furniture designer.
max planck,theoretical physicist: originated quantum theory, awarded the nobel prize in physics in 1918
albert plohn, professor of medicine
georg reicke
max reinhardt, austrian-born, american stage and film actor and director
alois riehl, philosopher
carl robert, philologist and archeologist
wilhelm roentgen, physicist: known for x-rays, awarded 1901 nobel prize in physics
max rubner, physiologist and hygienist
fritz schaper, sculptor
adolf von schlatter, evangelical theologian
august schmidlin, theologian
gustav von schmoller, economist
reinhold seeberg, theologian
martin spahn, historian
franz von stuck, symbolist/art nouveau painter, sculptor, engraver, and architect
hermann sudermann, dramatist and novelist
hans thoma, painter
wilhelm trübner, realist painter
karl vollmöller, playwright and screenwriter
richard voss, dramatist and novelist
karl vossler, linguist and scholar
siegfried wagner, composer, son of richard wagner
wilhelm waldeyer, anatomist: named the chromosome
august von wassermann, bacteriologist: developed the "wassermann test" for syphilis
felix weingartner, austrian conductor, composer and pianist
theodor wiegand, archeologist
wilhelm wien, physicist: received the 1911 nobel prize for work on heat radiation
ulrich von wilamowitz-moellendorff, classical philologist
richard willstätter, organic chemist: won the 1915 nobel prize for chemistry for structure of plant pigments
wilhelm windelband, philosopher
wilhelm wundt, physician, psychologist, physiologist, philosopher, "father of experimental psychology"


sonralar eynşteyn daha bir manifesto yazdı; 45-50 ci illərdə, nüvə silahlanmasına qarşı. halbuki amerika tərəfindən "elm adamlarının siyasətə qarışmamalı olduğu" əsas göstərilərək ilə manifestoya önəm verilmədi.