This article has been reviewed according to Science X's editorial process and policies. Editors have highlighted the following attributes while ensuring the content's credibility: Australian wildlife workers have launched an unprecedented effort to vaccinate wild populations of little penguins against the highly contagious H5N1 avian influenza. Hundreds of thousands of tourists each year flock to viewing areas and boardwalks to watch the diminutive seabirds waddle ashore and along the beach in the evenings on Australia's eastern coast at Phillip Island.
The stars of this "penguin parade" are from a wild colony on the island, numbering up to 40,000 seabirds at the height of the breeding season in the southern hemisphere's spring and summer. It is the world's largest single colony of little penguins, which have a life span of about six years and habitats in southern Australia—mostly Tasmania—and New Zealand. Also known as fairy penguins, they are the tiniest species of semiaquatic seabirds, barely reaching knee height and weighing about the same as a standard bag of sugar.
Now, like the rest of Australia's wild bird population, they face the threat of H5N1, which breached the continental landmass for the first time in June and has since started to spread in local wildlife. The virus was detected this month in a Phillip Island penguin that had died, the first infection in the colony by a pathogen that has caused severe disease and death in birds worldwide. In response, wildlife teams started vaccinating birds in the colony this week, said James Todd, chief biodiversity officer for the state of Victoria, where the island lies.
There has been no vaccination of this scale in a wild population anywhere in the world," Todd said. The H5N1 vaccination program, which also covers a popular little penguin population at a breakwater in the Melbourne beach suburb of St Kilda, is a challenge, he said. "Trying to vaccinate wild populations is almost impossible, partly because you need two doses of the vaccine," Todd told AFP.
But wildlife experts are very familiar with the little penguins' burrows at Phillip Island and St Kilda, he said. The birds, in turn, are accustomed to floodlights for the "penguin parade" tourist attraction, as well as being periodically handled by veterinary scientists to monitor their health. Vaccination teams aim to inoculate about 5,000 little penguins closest to the visitor areas, the state official said, in a program that is likely to last weeks and months, not days.
Ideally, the H5N1 vaccine should be administered in two doses with a gap of three to four weeks, Todd said. "Given that we're in a bit of a state of urgency here, experts have said that it's OK to even think about, you know, one to two weeks," he said, though a final decision had yet to be made. Vaccination teams can pick up the penguins from their burrows and may try to corral some as they come ashore on the beach, using microchips to track those that have been given a shot, Todd said.
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