Models of the brain — known as brain organoids — that are built from stem cells have transformed the study of human-specific developmental processes and disease-specific traits. But existing tools are restricted by several factors: organoids cannot mature beyond a certain point; they mostly lack interactions with other brain structures; and it is impossible to get any kind of behavioural output from them. Writing in Nature, Kaganovsky et al.1 address these limitations using an innovative experimental model: an engraftment of human brain organoids into a living mouse.
Access Nature and 54 other Nature Portfolio journals Get Nature+, our best-value online-access subscription Receive 52 print issues and online access Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-026-02967-7 Kaganovsky, K. et al. Nature 658, 430–441 (2026). Nature 610, 319–326 (2022).
Nature 578, 142–148 (2020). Nature Biotechnol. 36, 432–441 (2018); erratum 36, 772 (2018). Neuron 104, 972–986 (2019).
Hammerschmidt, K., Whelan, G., Eichele, G. & Fischer, J. C., Lindsey, J., Escola, G. Nature Neurosci. 27, 2466–2475 (2024).
Cell Stem Cell 25, 462–472 (2019). Nature 639, 315–320 (2025). The authors declare no competing interests.
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