This article has been reviewed according to Science X's editorial process and policies. Editors have highlighted the following attributes while ensuring the content's credibility: The strengthening El Niño weather pattern has tied for the most intense on record on a widely used metric, a senior scientist told on Monday, even as its influence is already being felt from Central America to Indonesia. Zeke Hausfather, a climatologist at Berkeley Earth and co-author of comprehensive climate change reports for the United Nations, said the sea surface temperature anomaly in the tropical Pacific now stands at 3.07°C, tying the 2015–16 El Niño.
"This month (September) is very likely to have the highest monthly anomalies on record, barring something quite unexpected in the coming week," he said in an email. Hausfather's figures, published on the Climate Brink dashboard, draw on the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) satellite-and-buoy sea surface record. They are based on how much daily sea surface temperatures in the Niño 3.4 region—an imaginary box in the Pacific—are above a 30-year average.
But NOAA itself has shifted to a newer method called the Relative Oceanic Niño Index (RONI), which gauges warming in the Niño 3.4 region against warming across the whole tropical belt. The goal of this change is to better account for the impacts of climate change heating oceans in general. On that metric, the numbers run lower, and the current El Niño is still below the record, though expected to eventually break it.
El Niño is the warming phase of a natural cycle in the tropical Pacific known as the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). It sets in when trade winds that blow from east to west temporarily ease up, allowing warm water that normally piles up in the western Pacific Ocean to slide back east and rise to the surface. When those warmer-than-average surface temperatures last for a few months, they cause more storms and clouds over the region, which in turn cause ripple effects through the entire global atmosphere.
The upshot is hotter and drier conditions in some places, cooler and wetter in others. Human-caused climate change can increase El Niño's impacts. A warmer atmosphere holds more moisture, so El Niño-linked rains can become more extreme.
It also dries out soil, deepening drought where El Niño brings it. Scientists aren't in full agreement about whether climate change intensifies El Niños themselves, but a recent study based on coral skeletons found there had been "striking amplification" of El Niños in the past 40 years compared with the preindustrial period. This El Niño is already hitting some regions hard, including Central America, where animals and crops are dying from drought.
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