WASHINGTON – Environmental groups worldwide are using artificial intelligence to analyze climate data, track forest fires and count endangered wildlife — embracing a technology they also warn is driving a surge in electricity demand, water use and greenhouse-gas emissions. The contradiction is forcing these organizations to justify their AI use in carrying out missions to combat climate change or protect natural resources. All said they used the technology in some form and expressed concern about the environmental impact of the data centers powering it.
The centers, filled with servers, can require vast amounts of electricity, along with water for cooling. It’s a global dilemma for individuals, governments and industries balancing AI’s benefits with its enormous risks. The tradeoffs likely will grab attention at the U.N.’s COP31 climate conference this month, when host Turkey will call on governments, businesses and other institutions to sign a pledge outlining principles to ensure AI is developed and deployed sustainably.
Secretary-General Antonio Guterres wants major AI companies to publicly disclose their systems’ environmental impacts. Researchers at the United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment and Health estimate the global data-center footprint could more than double by 2030, reaching a size about twice that of Jakarta, the Indonesian megalopolis. The International Energy Agency, meanwhile, estimates global data centers will consume about 945 terawatt-hours of electricity annually by 2030, producing the equivalent of more than 300 million metric tons of carbon dioxide.
That’s double current consumption and about equal to Japan’s annual electricity use. The agency also projects that global data center water consumption will increase from about 560 billion liters (147.9 billion gallons) in 2023 to about 1.2 trillion liters (317 billion gallons) annually by 2030. Technology giants including Microsoft, Amazon and Alphabet’s Google have reported rising emissions linked in part to data center expansion, raising questions about their ability to meet their own long-term climate goals.
Amazon said its artificial-intelligence products were among the most sustainable due to the company’s purchases of low-carbon energy and its efforts to use power and water efficiently. Microsoft and Google didn’t respond to requests for comment. Many of the organizations that spoke to believe AI’s benefits currently outweigh its costs because the technology is enabling work that was previously difficult, expensive or impossible.
Kenya’s Save the Elephants, a partner of the Wildlife Conservation Network, said it is using machine learning to improve population surveys and study elephant communication. Frank Pope, the group’s chief executive, said an aerial survey of Kenya’s largest protected area last year generated roughly 200,000 images that took nine people nine months to review manually. AI models trained on Nvidia’s GeForce graphics platforms can now complete similar analyses in hours.
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