It was a moment that changed the course of British history: in AD43, Roman troops under the emperor Claudius landed in Kent. Now, an archaeologist has claimed the British ruler who persuaded Claudius to invade was not a king but a queen. The controversial conclusion, made by Dr Miles Russell, the director of archaeological fieldwork at Bournemouth University, could throw new light on Britain’s history.
After the death of another powerful tribal leader, Cunobelinus, and the rise of Cunobelinus’s son Caratacus, Verica was exiled and fled to Claudius in Rome. Russell says among the evidence for a rethink of Verica’s sex is that Latin names that end in the letter “a” often belong to women. What’s more, Verica used the term “Rex” on coins – a word Russell says was used to refer to firm allies on the edge of the Roman empire in the late first century BC and early to mid first century AD.
Unlike the words “Regina”(queen) and “Regis” (king), “Rex” did not imply a particular sex, Russell says. Russell also noted that coins minted under Verica appeared to show a naked woman on horseback, whereas those minted under rulers including Cunobelinus and Caratacus show overtly male naked characters on a horse. And while abbreviated Latin inscriptions on the coins have been taken to mean “son of …”, Russell says they could also mean “daughter of”.
Russell’s claims will appear in a new book, Caratacus: Great King of Britain. Work by Russell and colleagues has previously revealed that women were extremely important within iron age society. The idea that Verica was a woman chimes with criticisms made of Claudius by the Roman writer Cassius Dio, who claimed the emperor was influenced by slaves and women, Russell added.
Prof Roger Tomlin, a British archaeologist specialising in the translation of Latin text and epigraphy based at the University of Oxford, said there were Latin men’s names ending in “a”, but the existence of the masculine form “Vericus” was the best argument that “Verica” was feminine. However, Tomlin said Cassius Dio assumed the ruler was a man, referring to him as “Bericus” – something Russell argues could be down to a garbling of names, with Dio writing more than 200 years after the events. His work was a result of translating and transcribing by multiple generations.
Tomlin also said there was little evidence the term Rex had been used for both male and female rulers. He added that the depiction of what appears to be a bare-breasted warrior on the reverse of the coin did not prove Verica was a woman. Dr Daphne Nash Briggs, a British iron age archaeologist and coin expert, also voiced scepticism, noting that some coins bearing Verica’s name depicted a clearly male form on horseback, while others appeared to show a portrait of Verica in male priestly dress, and some showed Verica’s head and neck – with an Adam’s apple.
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