The haze billowing out from wildfires in the Indonesian regions of Kalimantan, Papua and Sumatra knows no borders. Carried by winds to nearby Singapore and Malaysia, the toxic smog has in recent weeks impacted populations across maritime South East Asia, triggering respiratory illnesses and headaches. It's also giving the region's governments a different kind of headache - split between the mounting frustrations of their citizens and the risk of souring diplomatic ties with Indonesia.
"People are fed up, angry and anxious," Eugene Tan, associate professor of law at the Singapore Management University, tells the BBC. "The governments have to respond to them, or else what is more an external issue has become an internal one with ample headroom for politicisation." Indonesia's wildfires are a yearly occurrence, widely associated with industrial-scale land clearing to make way for crops like oil palm. But the blazes this year have been particularly difficult to tame due to a strong El Niño, which has exacerbated drought conditions in the country's forests and peatlands.
Whereas previous haze episodes in Singapore and Malaysia have typically lasted for a few days, this time it stretched into weeks. In Malaysia, locals started a boycott of Indonesian products in protest against the haze, after lawmaker Syed Saddiq called for sanctions on companies linked to the wildfires and said Malaysians should "treat them as an outcast in the region". There have also been complaints in Singapore, a country that has come to expect seamless efficiency from its leaders.
"There appears to be the view that the government dropped the ball in dealing with the haze, given that it was known that the El Niño weather phenomenon would be severe and that early warning was given," says Tan. "Clearly, Singaporeans expect the government to decisively deal with the polluters." Singapore's government, for its part, has made it clear that the haze problem is a priority. Hundreds of haze shelters have been set up across the island, and masks are being distributed to children, the elderly and other vulnerable residents.
Authorities have also said they're looking to strengthen existing haze legislation and are investigating 10 Singapore-registered companies for potential links to the wildfires in Indonesia. Last week, Singapore's foreign minister Vivian Balakrishnan met Indonesian President Prabowo Subianto in Jakarta for what the former described as "honest" and "sincere" conversations that produced "constructive approaches". The meeting came as both countries announced they would set up a joint task force to deal with the haze - an apparent détente after weeks of simmering bilateral tensions.
As the haze spiralled into yet another crisis for Prabowo's beleaguered administration, some officials pushed back against criticism. One senior official ruffled feathers when he said the wildfires were out of human control and that oxygen in neighbouring Singapore and Malaysia "also comes from our forests". That remark was "disappointing" and "not right", according to Singaporean senior minister K Shanmugam - a rare rebuke from the city state, which prides itself on its diplomatic prowess.
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