This article has been reviewed according to Science X's editorial process and policies. Editors have highlighted the following attributes while ensuring the content's credibility: RNA therapeutics open up new possibilities for the targeted and precise treatment of diseases. To ensure that RNA molecules remain stable in the body and can reliably exert their effects, they undergo specific chemical modifications.
However, such modifications to the RNA backbone also occur naturally, according to research by Schraga Schwartz, a professor at the Weizmann Institute of Science (Rehovot, Israel), and Dr. Dina Grohmann, a professor at the University of Regensburg. Their research findings have now been published in the journal Cell under the title "Phosphate backbone epitranscriptomics: Discovery of natural RNA phosphorothioates and their writer machinery." The researchers demonstrate for the first time that hyperthermophilic archaea carry a particularly high number of modifications in their cellular RNAs.
Unlike organisms that live at moderate temperatures, these heat-loving microorganisms undergo numerous RNA modifications that vary depending on environmental conditions. Using the extensive strain collection of the German Archaea Center at the University of Regensburg and the UR research group's expertise in cultivation and RNA analysis, the researchers isolated RNA molecules from various extremophilic archaea under controlled conditions. The Schwartz team then analyzed the molecules.
The researchers are opening up new perspectives for understanding RNA stability under extreme conditions. Their findings could be useful in biotechnology for the further development of RNA-based therapeutics. Grohmann puts this discovery into context: "Archaea had already developed this chemical form of RNA stabilization before we made it usable for medical applications in the age of RNA therapeutics." With a wink, she adds, "As is so often the case, archaea are one step ahead of us." RNA consists of a chain of nucleotides, each of which is composed of the sugar ribose, a phosphate group and one of the four bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine or uracil.
An RNA modification is a targeted chemical alteration of individual building blocks or the phosphate-sugar backbone. Among other things, it can influence the stability, cellular uptake and immunological tolerance of RNA. In RNA therapeutics, for example, modified nucleosides, 2′-O-methyl and 2′-O-methoxyethyl groups, as well as phosphorothioate modifications, are used for this purpose.
In the latter, a nonbridging oxygen atom in the phosphate backbone is replaced by a sulfur atom. This allows therapeutic RNA molecules to be better protected against degradation by nucleases. Many other modifications, including 2′-O-methylation and pseudouridine, also occur naturally in cellular RNAs, where they influence structure, stability and function.
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