The relationship of chronotype and behavioral factors with picky eating and body appreciation in young adults: a cross-sectional study

Chronotype reflects individuals’ circadian preferences and is linked to daily routines, including dietary patterns and general lifestyle. While picky eating is shaped by behavioral tendencies, perceptions of one’s body may also play a role in eating-related attitudes. Considering these factors together offers a more comprehensive understanding of eating behavior.

This study explored the associations among picky eating, body appreciation, and chronotype in young adults. A total of 554 participants between the ages of 18 and 30 (mean age 22.20 ± 2.73), who had not recently engaged in dieting, were included. The research followed a cross-sectional design, and the required sample size was calculated using G-Power analysis.

Data collection tools included a demographic information form, anthropometric measurements, the Morningness–Eveningness Questionnaire, the Adult Picky Eating Questionnaire with four subdimensions, and the Body Appreciation Scale-2. Findings indicated a significant relationship between chronotype and body appreciation, with morning-oriented individuals reporting higher levels of body appreciation compared to intermediate and evening types. In contrast, chronotype showed minimal influence on picky eating, with only a small effect observed in food presentation preferences.

Overall, the results suggest that circadian tendencies may be associated not only with behavioral habits but also with how individuals perceive and evaluate their own bodies. We would like to thank all participants for being part of this project. This research received no specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey Hilal Erürk Yaşar, Sebiha Gölünük Başpinar & Yücel Ocak The authors declare no competing interests. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material.

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