This article has been reviewed according to Science X's editorial process and policies. Editors have highlighted the following attributes while ensuring the content's credibility: Transforming Mars into a more Earth-like world could irreversibly destroy scientific evidence about the planet's history and the possibility of extraterrestrial life. In an opinion article published in Eos, a team of Dutch, French and U.S. planetary scientists and ethicists warns that humanity risks destroying Mars' scientific record before it has been fully explored.
The authors urge the international scientific community to strengthen planetary protection policies and prioritize research before large-scale environmental modification becomes technically feasible. "Humanity should not decide Mars' future without first understanding its past." Terraforming Mars, once a staple of science fiction, may be moving closer to reality. Recent research suggests that releasing metallic nanoparticles into the Martian atmosphere could raise surface temperatures by at least 30°C within a century.
Meanwhile, advances in heavy-lift rockets are making ambitious plans for human settlement increasingly plausible. In their opinion article, the authors argue that this technological progress raises an urgent question: Should humanity transform Mars before fully understanding what the planet can teach us? As Lonneke Roelofs, a planetary scientist at Utrecht University and one of the authors, puts it: "You could compare Mars to an immense, largely unread library containing 4.5 billion years of solar system history." Decades of exploration have revealed that this library contains evidence of ancient oceans, rivers, volcanic activity and complex organic molecules that may preserve traces of past life.
"Yet fundamental questions remain unanswered. Why did Mars evolve from a potentially habitable world into the cold, dry planet we see today? Could life have emerged there, and might it still survive beneath the surface?
Beginning terraforming before these questions have been investigated could permanently destroy crucial evidence." According to the authors, Mars' geological history is not the only thing at stake. They also raise questions about governance and accountability. Whereas Mars exploration has traditionally followed priorities established through international scientific consultation, much of the emerging terraforming research is supported by private funding.
"But planetary-scale interventions should require comparable public scrutiny, ethical assessment and international oversight. We therefore call on COSPAR, the Committee on Space Research, to establish an expert working group involving planetary scientists, ethicists and legal scholars." Ari Koeppel et al., What We Could Lose Trying to Make Mars Habitable, Eos (2026). DOI: 10.1029/2026eo260321 MA in English, copy editor since 2021 with experience in higher education and health content.
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