This article has been reviewed according to Science X's editorial process and policies. Editors have highlighted the following attributes while ensuring the content's credibility: The planet's water cycle is becoming increasingly erratic, swinging between too little and too much, the United Nations warned Thursday, with an unprecedented El Niño expected to exacerbate the long-term trend. Last year was among the driest for the world's rivers in more than three decades, the U.N.'s World Meteorological Organization said in a report.
In 2025—one of the warmest years on record—glaciers also shrank in all regions, even as groundwater levels in many parts of the world were in a multiyear decline, it found. Overall, the WMO's annual State of Global Water Resources report showed that Earth's freshwater storage—the total amount of water stored in groundwater, lakes and rivers, soil moisture, vegetation, and ice and snow—continued a decade-long decline. Some elements of the water cycle change rapidly—like precipitation, river flow and soil moisture—responding to weather within days or weeks.
WMO Secretary-General Celeste Saulo voiced particular concern about the decline in "slow reserves," like groundwater and glaciers, which she said had traditionally served as the planet's "savings account." They have served as "a buffer that absorbs bad years so that a single drought or a single dry season does not translate directly into a water crisis," she told reporters. Now, "we are depleting that savings account," she warned. "We are spending our reserves." Glaciers have also been shrinking at a precipitous rate, with 2025 marking the fourth consecutive year in which they shed significant ice mass across all regions.
Between 2023 and 2025, the report estimated that glaciers lost a cumulative global glacier mass of 1,400 gigatons of water—roughly equal to the water required to fill 560 million Olympic-sized swimming pools, or about a third of the world's annual freshwater withdrawals. "Groundwater tells a similar story: nearly two-thirds of monitored wells worldwide showed conditions outside the historical norm in 2025," Saulo said. She highlighted that this was happening in parallel with "more water-related disasters." In particular, she pointed to the current El Niño pattern, which is expected to be the strongest since comparable records began four decades ago.
El Niño is the warm phase of a natural climate cycle that occurs every two to seven years and is characterized by above-average ocean temperatures across the Pacific. It brings worldwide changes in winds and rainfall patterns and erratic weather. "The strengthening El Niño will increase the risk of drought in some areas and flooding in others," Saulo cautioned.
Even before El Niño hit, rivers worldwide were showing "abnormal" flows, the WMO said, with 2025 among the three driest years for rivers in 35 years. For a seventh year in a row, the number of river basins globally experiencing "normal" conditions was in a clear minority in 2025. Only around 36% saw normal flows, while an equal percentage saw below-normal discharge conditions and 21% were above normal, the report found.
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