Sleep scores, magnesium, white noise machines - what was once the simple act of sleeping has become a minefield. Trying to optimise sleep in this way is called "sleepmaxxing". Take it too far, and you could end up with "orthosomnia" - the clinical term for an obsession with achieving perfect sleep.
While it's not formally recognised as a condition in the UK, doctors tell the BBC they've noticed signs of orthosomnia in their patients, with some bringing their sleep tracker data into appointments convinced, wrongly, that they have a sleep disorder. That fixation with sleep is actually making people's sleep worse, they warn. So how and why did sleep become so complicated?
And if sleepmaxxing isn't the answer, what is the elusive secret to a good night's sleep? The first commercial fitness tracker to incorporate sleep analysis was the Fitbit Classic in 2009. Since then, many others - including Garmin, Whoop and Apple - have integrated sleep trackers into wrist-worn devices, as have smart rings such as Oura, Ultrahuman and RingConn.
These devices vary, but in general they all provide users with a report of their night, broken down by sleep stages - time awake, light sleep, deep sleep, and REM (rapid eye movement). Many also give users a "sleep score". But the concept of a sleep score is "completely made up", according to Dr Alanna Hare, consultant of sleep medicine at the Royal Brompton Hospital in London.
"There's nothing recognised in sleep science that is a 'sleep score'," she tells the BBC. "That's just been created by manufacturers." Hare says she's noticed trackers causing anxiety among her patients. "I've noticed more patients coming to me with data from various trackers, with lots of questions about sleep that... is probably contributing to their sleep difficulties," she says.
Even though some have had medical tests with reassuring results, this hasn't allayed their fears, she adds. "It's great that there's more focus on sleep as part of wellness," she adds. "But sleep just does not respond well to attempts to perfect it." One proposed lawsuit against Oura, filed last month in San Francisco, alleges that Oura rings are unable to accurately measure sleep quality and sleep stages, and instead rely on AI-generated estimates that have "a coin flip's chance of being correct".
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