Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is a progressive neurological disorder that impairs cognitive functions, severely affecting patients’ quality of life. Thus, early and accurate diagnosis is essential to provide a chance for treatment. This paper proposes two deep learning (DL) models to enable automated diagnosis of medical images.
The first model is a hybrid of a convolutional neural network and bidirectional long short-term memory (CNN-BiLSTM) for classification of AD, and the second model is a U-Net for a segmentation task. The CNN-BiLSTM is applied to an overall dataset that consists of 6400 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images, while the U-Net is evaluated on a dataset that contains hippocampus regions that are isolated from the MRI images with manually labelled ground truth masks. The CNN-BiLSTM is implemented from scratch to detect four classes of AD: Non-Demented (ND), Mild Demented (MD), Moderate Demented (MOD), and Very Mild Demented (VMD).
To tackle the issue of imbalanced classes in the dataset, data augmentation methods are employed to balance the dataset. The proposed CNN-BiLSTM model incorporates a Gradient-weighted Class Activation Mapping (Grad-CAM) processing technique to offer visual interpretations for its predictions. The Grad-CAM highlights the most relevant regions in MRI images that influence the model’s decisions and offers interpretability.
Also, three explainable AI (XAI) techniques are applied to interpret the decision of the CNN-BiLSTM in the classification: Grad-CAM++, integrated gradient, and saliency map. The efficiency of the U-Net is assessed using two measurements: Dice Score and Intersection over Union (IoU). The proposed U-Net model achieved a Dice score of 92% and a mean IoU of 86%, which indicates high segmentation accuracy, while the CNN-BiLSTM achieves superior efficiency, with a testing accuracy of 99% and a testing loss rate of 0.0408.
Also, the CNN-BiLSTM is measured by Precision, Recall, and F1-score metrics, all reaching 99%. The CNN-BiLSTM attains areas under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves of 100%. These results underscore the potential of the proposed CNN-BiLSTM and U-Net integration to enhance the accuracy and reliability for diagnosing AD.
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative condition that predominantly impairs memory, behavior, and thinking1. It is the most common cause of dementia, accounting for 60–80% of cases worldwide2. Every three seconds, one person is diagnosed with dementia, with AD accounting for 60% of these cases3.
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