To prevent AI processors from overheating, many data centers rely at least partly on water for cooling. This can exacerbate water stress in drought-struck regions. Though water consumption by data centers pales in comparison to that of some other industries, it’s a problem in water-stressed regions.
Water-saving cooling technologies could help. Angered by water use, energy consumption and pollution, locals are increasingly protesting the rapid expansion of data centers in the United States as tech companies work to rapidly expand capacity for AI. Many data centers rely at least partly on water to absorb heat from air or surfaces, and then cause cooling as it evaporates, just like sweating keeps our bodies cool.
The processors inside data centers can reach internal temperatures of up to 176 degrees Fahrenheit, for the same reasons that an overtaxed laptop heats up. But while there’s little doubt that data centers are consuming significant amounts of energy, water consumption is more complicated. Claims circulating online bring scant clarity, ranging from articles claiming that chatbots can consume 500 ml of water per query to some online commentators declaring AI's water issue to be nonexistent.
And the consumption data from large tech companies themselves are often incomplete and inconsistent. Experts stress that, overall, data center water consumption pales in comparison to the usage by industries like agriculture and some kinds of manufacturing. Researchers have estimated that data center cooling systems consumed 66 billion liters of water in 2023, less than 1 percent of the nation’s total consumption.
AI’s water consumption is one reason why local communities across the United States —such as here, in Tremonton, Utah – are protesting against the construction of data centers. That figure could considerably rise with the rapid buildout of AI data centers, however — which may not be a big problem for water-rich regions but could significantly add to local water stress in drought-strapped places like New Mexico and Arizona. Fortunately, engineers say there’s a host of things that can be done — and are being done — to reduce the strain on local water resources.
When you add in efforts to replenish and restore natural water resources, “there’s a good chance that, eventually, it could be net-zero water for the on-site cooling.” Recent advances in AI technology have already reduced water demand for many data centers. Electrical and computer engineer Shaolei Ren of the University of California, Riverside, says that an estimate he made based on GPT-4, an earlier version of the model powering ChatGPT, as recently as 2024 — that drafting a short email would consume 500 milliliters of water — is already outdated because AI models have become more efficient. (This study was the origin of the half-liter-per-query claim.) In 2025, Google estimated that five drops of water are spent on processing a median-length query with its chatbot Gemini. But even tiny amounts add up, given the rise in AI use.
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