This article has been reviewed according to Science X's editorial process and policies. Editors have highlighted the following attributes while ensuring the content's credibility: Peppercorn-sized clumps of human brain cells grown in a lab for a record seven years aged similarly to those inside our heads, suggesting they "recorded the passage of time," scientists said Wednesday. These tiny clumps, called organoids, are grown from stem cells by scientists around the world in the hope of uncovering the mysteries of our brains—and to test new medicines without having to use animals such as mice.
Normally, these organoids live for a few months, meaning they can offer only a window into the earliest stages of human brains, which take nearly 20 years to fully develop. So a U.S.-led team of researchers grew some for around seven years, making them the "oldest ever," Paola Arlotta, the senior author of a new study describing the experiment, told AFP. They discovered that the brain organoids continued to change and mature over the years, despite never having been inside an embryo, let alone a body.
"The brain can continue to develop outside the context of a person for this unprecedented amount of time," explained Arlotta, a Harvard University professor. The scientists hope this will help shed light on how a range of disorders, such as autism and schizophrenia, first emerge and then progress later in life. The study, published in the journal Nature, said the organoids "recorded the passage of time and retain a memory of the developmental steps already performed." This does not mean organoids have memories like we tend to think of them—such as recalling something from childhood—but simply that their past is "engraved" on a cellular level, Arlotta emphasized.
Organoids are "biological models" or "avatars" for human brain cells that are far less complex and do not receive sensory input, she added. Scientists widely agree that organoids are not capable of consciousness or other higher-order brain functions. The researchers analyzed their aging organoids with three different kinds of recently developed genetic "clocks" that can roughly determine the biological age of cells.
They all showed that the organoids changed over time in similar ways to normal brain cells. To further confirm their theory, the scientists carried out what Arlotta described as a "crazy experiment." They mixed cells that had been developing for a year with others that were only two weeks old, creating a "chimera." But the older cells "jumped ahead a whole chunk of development" and started making neurons that normally take around four months, Arlotta said. This effectively "warped time" for brain development, which was "super cool," she added.
In the future, it could be possible to use this technique to rapidly speed up the development of certain brain cells, Arlotta speculated. The previous record for the oldest grown brain organoids was a little under two years, according to the study. Unlike the brains inside our heads, these organoids do not have a body that can get sick and die.
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