This article has been reviewed according to Science X's editorial process and policies. Editors have highlighted the following attributes while ensuring the content's credibility: A record-breaking summer that saw more than 1,000 wildfires has torched some 540,000 hectares (1.3 million acres) of land across the European Union since mid-June, according to official data—an area more than twice the size of Luxembourg. Multiple back-to-back heat waves fueled by climate change scorched Europe, causing more than 30,000 excess deaths, widespread drought and devastating wildfires that forced hundreds of thousands of people to flee their homes, particularly in Spain and France.
Temperature records across the continent were smashed, triggering dangerous blazes even in normally cool, wet areas such as Belgium and Scotland. The total area affected by fire between June 18 and Sept. 2 is well above the average for the previous 20 years, according to data from the European Forest Fire Information System (EFFIS). But it remains below the record set in 2025, when fires consumed more than 800,000 hectares between those dates.
Four of the EU's 15 largest fires of the past 10 years occurred this summer, according to EFFIS data. Fires that broke out between July 16 and 22 consumed nearly 190,000 hectares (470,000 acres) of forest, the most for that weeklong period since at least 2006, according to harmonized weekly data from EFFIS. Three massive fires erupted in succession during this period: two in Spain and one in France.
One in the Spanish province of Ávila, near Madrid, broke out on July 22 and went on to destroy more than 42,000 hectares (104,000 acres). Thousands of people were forced to evacuate their homes, and the Spanish government said it considered the blaze the worst in the country's modern history. Another fire in the Andalusia region of southern Spain in July led to more than a dozen deaths.
A megafire that started in France's Gironde region, near Bordeaux, on the same day consumed 37,000 hectares (91,000 acres) of forest. Another broke out in the Spanish province of Huelva in August, destroying nearly 44,000 hectares (109,000 acres), making it the sixth-largest ever in Europe. Before the end of July, France had already broken its record for the total area burned in a single year since records began.
Meanwhile, Spain has been hovering near its cumulative record for the same point in the year for weeks—briefly surpassing it in mid-August before dropping back below. Greece, Portugal and Italy are among the other southern EU nations that experienced an active fire season, a common summer phenomenon in the region. Further north, Belgium faced its worst wildfire in more than a century in August, a blaze that consumed thousands of hectares in the east of the country.
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