This article has been reviewed according to Science X's editorial process and policies. Editors have highlighted the following attributes while ensuring the content's credibility: A new study reveals that an important pollinator is rapidly losing genetic diversity in Britain. Moss carder bumblebees were once widespread across the UK, living in flower-rich meadows, marshes and heathlands, where they pollinated a wide variety of plants.
However, the loss of these habitats has caused the species to retreat into strongholds along the country's coasts and islands. As populations shrink and become disconnected from each other, they lose genetic diversity as individuals become more inbred. But to understand the impact of these changes, scientists need a baseline—and museum specimens hold the answer.
By examining the DNA of more than 100 moss carder bumblebee specimens stored at the Natural History Museum and other institutions across the UK, the researchers saw dramatic changes in the genetic diversity of these insects. Across Britain as a whole, the genetic diversity of moss carder bumblebees has declined steadily since the late 19th century, falling by around one-quarter over the past 100 years. In England and Wales, this has been accompanied by an almost threefold increase in the proportion of the genome affected by inbreeding—a sign that populations in these nations have become smaller and more isolated.
The researchers described the rate of genetic diversity loss as "unexpectedly high," emphasizing the speed at which these pollinators are being affected by wetland drainage, the loss of meadows and pesticide use. In contrast, populations of the bumblebees in the Scottish Highlands, although they also seem to be declining, appear to be less affected by habitat fragmentation. This is possibly because their habitats still retain the connectivity that allows bees from different populations to mix.
While introducing Scottish individuals to English and Welsh populations could help restore their genetic diversity as part of carefully planned conservation projects, this would first require tackling the root causes of the bumblebee's decline. Victoria Mullin, assistant professor at Trinity College Dublin and co-author of the study published in Molecular Biology and Evolution, says, "This research confirms what we've suspected for some time—the declining population of the moss carder bee is eroding its genetic diversity. Because the genome is like a toolkit, containing all the different ways a species can adapt, these bees now have fewer tools available to them in their response to climate change, pollution and habitat degradation." Research such as this has been made possible by projects such as Darwin Tree of Life, which aims to sequence the genome of more than 70,000 species that live in the UK.
This proved especially useful for the team studying the moss carder bumblebee, which is notoriously difficult to identify even by trained experts. Using this genome as a reference, the researchers were able to identify 29 museum specimens previously identified as moss carder bumblebees that actually belonged to close relatives. Enhancing the quality of data held by the Natural History Museum and other institutions opens up further applications for species discovery, biodiversity research and much more.
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