Repeatability and behavioral relationships of acuity, contrast sensitivity, form, and motion perception measurements using a novel tablet-based vision test tool

Visual function tests are essential in basic and clinical vision research but are typically restricted to a limited range of visual functions and provide coarse diagnostic resolution. The response-adaptive Angular Indication Measurement (AIM) and Foraging Interactive D-prime (FInD) paradigms were recently developed as generalizable approaches for assessing multiple visual functions. Both methods present 4 × 4 stimulus arrays spanning ± 2σ around an adaptively estimated threshold.

This study evaluated the repeatability, test duration, and relationships between AIM and FInD measures of near visual acuity (VA), contrast sensitivity function (CSF), and form and motion coherence using tablet-based vision tests. 38 healthy participants completed two repetitions of each test in random order. Bland–Altman analyses were used to determine the coefficient of repeatability (CoR), standard error of measurement (SEM), and mean bias. Linear regression and hierarchical cluster analyses examined relationships between outcome measures.

Coherence-based outcomes (form and motion) showed comparatively lower individual-level precision despite the general absence of retest bias, whereas all other measures were bias-free. VA demonstrated the highest individual-level precision, CSF precision improved with additional adaptive charts, and coherence measures exhibited lower precision despite minimal retest bias. Mean test duration ranged from 92 s (VA) to 360 s (Form coherence).

Exploratory cluster analysis grouped form and motion coherence outcomes separately from AULCSF. Motion coherence measures showed correlations before correction for multiple comparisons, whereas AULCSF did not correlate significantly with any other outcome. AIM and FInD provide generalizable, response-adaptive assessments across multiple visual functions, with repeatability dependent on the outcome measure, supporting their potential for both research and clinical applications.

Ifeoluwa Adeleke also contributed to data collection. GS and JG were supported by the College of Optometrists (UK). PJB and JS were supported by NIH R01EY032162.

School of Health Professions, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of California, 850 Health Sciences Road, Irvine, CA, 9269, United States of America Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA JS and PJB are co-founders and shareholders of PerZeption Inc. JS and PJB are the inventors of AIM and FInD technology (P). Northeastern University is the owner of the intellectual property and granted exclusive licensing rights to PerZeption Inc.